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=media type="youtube" key="Wm7JGSAUNiY" width="560" height="315"= =Human Evolution=

What Is Evolution?
Evolution means the changes that occur in a population over time. In this definition, a “population” means a group of the same [|species] that share a specific location and habitat. Evolutionary changes always occur on the genetic level. In other words, evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation to generation. It does not, for example, describe how people can change their muscle mass by lifting weights. When successful, these genetic changes or adaptations, which happen when genes mutate and/or combine in different ways during reproduction, help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. Some individuals inherit characteristics that make them more successful at surviving and having babies. These advantageous characteristics tend to appear more frequently in the population (because those individuals with less advantageous characteristics are more likely to die without reproducing), and over time these changes become common throughout that population, ultimately leading to new species.

The Tree of Life
Biological evolution explains the way all living things evolved over billions of years from a single common ancestor. This concept is often illustrated by the so-called tree of life. Every branch on the tree represents a species. The fork separating one species from another represents the common ancestor that each pair of species shared. So ultimately, all life is interconnected, but any two species may be separated by millions or even billions of years of evolution.

The Relationship between Apes and Humans
Since scientists developed the ability to decode the genome and compare the genetic makeup of species, some people have been stunned to learn that about 98.5% of the genes in people and chimpanzees are identical. This finding means chimps are the closest living biological relatives to humans, but it does //not// mean that humans evolved from chimps. What it does indicate is that humans share a common ancestor with modern African apes (i.e., gorillas and chimpanzees), making us very, very distant cousins. We are therefore related to these other living primates, but we did not descend from them. Modern humans differ from apes in many significant ways. Human brains are larger and more complex; people have elaborate forms of communication and culture; and people habitually walk upright, can manipulate very small objects, and can speak.

Our Common Ancestor
Most scientists believe our common ancestor existed 5 to 8 million years ago. Then two species broke off into separate lineages, one ultimately evolving into gorillas and chimps, the other evolving into early humans called hominids.. In the millions of years that followed, at least a dozen different species of humanlike creatures have existed, reflected in the fossil discoveries of paleoanthropologists, although many of these species are close relatives but not actual ancestors of modern humans. In fact, the fossil record does not represent a straight line of ancestry at all; many of these early hominids left no descendents and simply died out. Still others are most likely direct ancestors of modern humans or //Homo sapiens//. While scientists still do not know the total number of hominid species that existed, because new fossils are discovered every decade, the story of human evolution becomes clearer all the time.


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[] [] [] = = = = =Bibliography:= [] [] [] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =Genetic Engineering= Genetic engineering is a technology used to modify the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. An organism created through genetic engineering is considered to be a genetic modified organism, also known as "GMO". = = =**Research**=

Genetic engineering is used to create animal models of human diseases. Genetically modified mice are the most common genetically engineered animal model. They have been used to study and model cancer obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease. Potential cures can be tested against these mouse models. Also genetically modified pigs have been bred with the aim of increasing the success of pig to human organ transplantation.

=**Applications**=
 * 1) Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms.
 * 2) In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to produce insulin, human growth hormones, human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and more,
 * 3) In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes.
 * 4) Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast, or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein.



=**Genetic therapy**=

Genetic therapy is the genetic engineering of humans, and it is based replacing defective genes with effective ones. Genetic engineering in humans could provide us the ability to remove those cells in our system that may or may not will cause us a disease in a future. Scientists will someday be able to genetically engineer humans to possess certain desired traits.

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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =media type="youtube" key="nhoEvAY0ToM" width="560" height="315"Human Genome Project:=

The **Human Genome Project** (**HGP**) is an international scientific research project with the goal identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome. The "genome" of any given individual is unique; mapping "the human genome" involves sequencing multiple variations of each gene.



Applications and proposed benefits :
The Human Genome Project, can help us understand diseases of specific viruses to direct appropriate treatment; identification of mutations linked to different forms of cancer. Another proposed benefit is the commercial development of genomics research related to DNA based products, a multibillion-dollar industry.

DNA Sequencing:
DNA sequencing is a laboratory technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA molecule. The DNA base sequence carries the information a cell needs to assemble protein and RNA molecules. DNA sequence information is important to scientists investigating the functions of genes. The technology of DNA sequencing was made faster and less expensive as a part of the Human Genome Project.



Developments:
The project inspired and paved the way for genomic work in other fields. Which loci are most susceptible to manipulation, and how does this play out in evolutionary terms? Genetic sequencing has allowed these questions to be addressed for the first time, as specific loci can be compared in wild and domesticated strains of the plant. This will allow for advances in genetic modification in the future which could yield healthier, more disease-resistant wheat crops.



=Related links:=
 * http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=newssearch&cd=5&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjojY75kvXLAhVImIMKHVBCDJ0QqQIIKCgAMAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fravallirepublic.com%2Flifestyles%2Fhealth-med-fit%2Farticle_4f2858f8-f62c-11e5-b5f8-37ee4b39b9bb.html&usg=AFQjCNFZAK1PpiloEsWKk-thqyBpdtjPiw
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 * http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=newssearch&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi_iNyek_XLAhVjsIMKHZbODuUQqQIIISgAMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-04-ancient-retrovirus-human-dna.html&usg=AFQjCNEIvyPJrRTmDK2sqHlNlrcF8DYQRA&bvm=bv.118443451,d.amc
 * http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=newssearch&cd=9&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi_iNyek_XLAhVjsIMKHZbODuUQqQIIMygAMAg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodingredientsfirst.com%2FNews%2FVegetarian-Diets-Shaping-The-Human-Genome-to-Alter-Risk-of-Cancer-and-Heart-Disease.html%3Fsection%3DNutrition%2520%26%2520Health%2520News%26tracking%3DAll%2520News%26article_type%3Darticle&usg=AFQjCNHqxK4TCCIZCS5_YNa-aKc9je6FPg&bvm=bv.118443451,d.amc

https://www.genome.gov/glossary/?id=51 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project https://www.genome.gov/12011238