Carley+S.

=**Wikipost #3: Body Systems ( Nervous System)**= =Dementia= The word dementia generally describes a set of symptoms that include memory loss, difficulties with thinking, changes of behavior and problem solving and language. Most times, these changes are small to start with, and get progressively worse as time passes. Dementia affects mainly people above the age of 65, and 1 in 14 people in this age group are likely to be diagnosed with the illness. In the UK alone it affects 800 000 people.



// This photo shows different things that are associated with dementia, and how it has to do with the brain //

**Signs and symptoms**
 * Memory loss
 * Impaired judgment
 * Difficulties with abstract thinking
 * Faulty reasoning
 * Inappropriate behavior
 * Loss of communication skills
 * Disorientation to time and place
 * Gait, motor, and balance problems
 * Neglect of personal care and safety
 * Hallucinations, paranoia, agitation

How dementia affects the brain
Dementia all relates back to the brain. What happens most times is the nerve cells in the brain stop functioning, and lose connections with other cells and die. Even though there is many types of dementia, they all do physical damage to the brain. Dementia mainly affects are the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes.

//This photo shows just where in the brain this disease occurs, and also what a brain with dementia looks like compared to a brain within the disease. You can see the size difference around the places in the brain that store memory, and are responsible for speech are smaller in a brain with dementia. //

Types of Dementia
The most common types of dementia are:
 * Alzheimer’s disease
 * Vascular dementia
 * Lewy body disease
 * Frontotemporal dementia

**Alzheimer** **Disease** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.5;">This is the most common type of dementia. it is said to be accounted for 60% to 80% of cases of dementia. Difficulty remembering names and events are often early signs. Later symptoms include difficulty walking, speaking and swallowing. Along with impaired judgement, disorientation, and confusion. A new study posted in 2011 involving the criteria for diagnosing this disease stated that it is a disease of 3 stages, beginning long before the symptoms do.



<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.5;">**Vascular Dementia** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Vascular dementia follows right behind Alzheimers being the second most popular form of this disease. It was previously referred to as Multi-infarct or post-stroke dementia. The inability to plan steps needed when completing task, along with impaired judgement are some of the first symptoms presented with this form opposed to the memory loss in Alzheimers. This often occurs because of brain injuries like microscopic bleeding and the blockage of a blood vessel.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Lewy Body Disease
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Those with dementia of Lewy Body Disease often have memory loss and thinking problems that are common in Alzheimers. However these affected are more likely to have initial symptoms like trouble sleeping, visual hallucinations, and twitches of the muscle. Often times people with this form of dementia can ended up having "mixed dementia" which is when the brain changes are present as the same time as a brain change for Alzheimers or vascular dementia. Each of the abnormalities are contributors to the development of dementia.

Frontotemporal Dementia
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">This form is the less common of the four. Symptoms include behavioral and personality changes and difficulty with language. Nerve cells in the front, and side of the brain are heavy affected with this form of dementia. This form is generally developed at a much younger age than other forms ( 60 yrs ) and also survive fewer years than those with Alzheimers.

//This photo explains all four of this types of dementia// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">media type="custom" key="24933398"

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">See how dementia affects those who have the condition, along with their loved ones in this video. Also learn more about the condition in general. // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">

Sources: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=106 http://www.helpguide.org/elder/alzheimers_dementias_type <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">http://www.yourbrainmatters.org.au/content/what-dementia http://www.scie.org.uk/assets/elearning/dementia/dementia03/resource/flash/html/object/object1_3.htm#slide16

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">__ For additional information visit: __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/braintour **Take a tour of how a brain with dementia works** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/home_info.php?homepageID=53 **caring for someone with dementia** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/tc/dementia-treatment-overview **Learn about treatments** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">http://www.alz.org/what-is-dementia.asp **learn more about dementia as a hole**

=**Wikipost # 2: Evolution**=

The Evolution of Cellphones
We are all use to our IPhone that we carry in our pockets every day; our cellphones have become a part of our daily life. Everyone from teenagers to old ladies carry a cellphone with them daily. But it didn’t always use to be this way. It wasn’t until 1973 that the first cellphone was even invented. Since 1983, the evolution of cellphones has been unstoppable, and is changing rapidly into more advanced technology. //This photo shows how much cellphones have evolved, and how the size has decreased over the years also.// The first cellphone is most commonly known as the one Zack Morris from Saved by the Bell carried with him around Bay Side. They resembled a large brick, and were barely portable compared to our handheld devices today. In 1973, t<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">he first hand-held cell phone was established by John Mitchell and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola, <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> and in 1983 they were commercially available for the public. These cellphones were made solely for contacting others. They were referred to as The DynaTac. This monster weighted in at a shocking 28 pounds and was 10 inches in height; with an antenna that permanently stood up adding to the height. Not many could afford the Dynatac when it first came out due to the staggering retail prices. The price for one was 3500, and it took many years for people to grasp the idea of wireless phones.
 * Where it all started**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Martin Cooper, former employee of Moterola with a model of the first mobile phone invented

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1990 era
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In the 1990’s is when the cellphone industry truly formed into its own. After the invention of satellites to help make mobile phones more portable came the invention of the bag phone in 1992. These phones consisted of a headset, a very large batteries, and antenna. It was a hit when it first came out due to its durability, and the reasonable pricing. However, later in the ninety’s the 2nd generation of cellphones surfaced—the 2G network as they called it. This generation allowed cellphones to have a smaller size, a more powerful battery, and transmitters. Also, during this time was when texting first surfaced. At first sending sms texting message between phones wasn't all that popular; however, we know that they have evolved as well.

//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Both the bag phone (left) and the second generation (right) are both two types of phone that were invented in the 1990 era, and the ones that we the most popular at the time. //

**//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2000 era //**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The 2000’s is the era where mobile phones are becoming more and more advanced. In 2000 the first cellphone with a browser was put on the market. Then, features like water proof casing, GPS, cameras and music players started adding to the list of features. It was during this time that the QWERTY slide keyboard became very popular since it was easier to text with rather than using the T9 function on flip phones. In 2007, the first IPhone came out, and changed the cellphone market <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">instantly. It included features like <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">an auto-rotate sensor, a multi-touch sensor that allowed multiple inputs while ignoring minor touches, and a touch interface that replaced the traditional QWERTY keyboards. Now, in 2013, we have our cellphones that have cameras on the front and back. We have access to applications that talk back to us, that give us directions to the nearest gas station, and that let us video call anybody at all. We can watch movies on our cellphones, and transform it into a flash light in a second. Cellphones have truly evolved from a chunky brick, to a pocket sized electronic we use every day.



//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">This chart demonstrates how the evolution of cellphones has also affected the number of youth who use these electronics. Along with evolution brings higher numbers of users of mobile phones. //

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The future of cellphone evolution ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The mobile world is rapidly changing. Right now, product designers and engineers are working together to create the next best thing to expand upon this phenomenal evolution of the mobile phone. While researchers aren’t 100% certain, they believe they have some ideas about what is to come in the future. The idea of a duel screen, like a Nintendo DS, could be the next big thing. Ramon Llamas, a senior research analyst at IDC Mobile Devices Technology, says he thinks well be seeing better formations of the duel screen within the next 5 years. He also predicts that while cellphones continue to evolve into a smaller form, he doesn’t think they be smaller than 3.7 inches. He believes we won’t be seeing any microscopic cellphones anytime soon. Llamas also predicts that mobile phones will become wearable; almost like a watch. Apparently, you will be able to fold, and twist the shape of your phone to whatever size you want it to be. It looks like the evolution of cellphones won’t be slowing down any in the next while.

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//<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Check out this video to learn more about cell phone evolution all together, and what it holds for the future. //

[] [] [] [] []
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sources: **

[] evolution timeline of cellphones [] more in depth look at the history of the evolution of cellphones [] blog post about cellphone evolution [] another video elaborating on how the cellphone evolved
 * For more information visit:**

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= =**Wikipost 1: Genetics**= =**Inherited Color Vision Deficiency**= =**October 11 2013**=

What is Color Vision Deficiency?
Color is all around us. It's on the signs we read, the television shows we watch and every other thing in this world. But what if your idea of the color red was significantly different than someone else's? Can that actually happen? This is referred to as color vision deficiency. We're all familiar with the term "color blindness," but how much do you really know about it? Color blindness is a genetic inheritance that sometimes has to do with an alteration of sex cells. Surprisingly enough, color blindness affects a high percentage of our population; mostly males. Although the name contains the word "blind" there is no actual blindness that is included in the disease. It is simply a deficiency towards the way colors are seen.

// Here is an example of the difference between vision expectations. On the right is what a traffic light looks like to those who are colorblind. And evidently on the left is what it would look like to those who see colors normally ////. People who have trouble with this traffic light would be classified as having red-green colorblindness. //

So how is it caused, and what types of colorblindness are there?
Red-green colorblindness, f rom a genetic stand point, is commonly caused by a mutation of the "X' chromosome in the sex cells. People with this type of colorblindness have difficulty seeing the colors red and green in particular. Men have both an X and a Y chromosome, so the X chromosome brings the gene mutation for colorblindness. Women have two X chromosomes so in order for them to become colorblind they would have to have two copies of the gene. This is why it is far more common for a male to carry this genetic disorder rather than a female.

//This diagram is a great representation of how the gene that contains color blindness is passed down. The mother is the carrier, and the father is unaffected. In the end one son ends up being affected, and one daughter ends up being a carrier of the gene. Basically this represents a 50% chance of a child being affected.//

There is also tritanopia which has nothing to do with sex cells. It is commonly known as blue, yellow colorblindness. Therefore, with this type of colorblindness those affected mix up blue with green and yellow with violet. Tritan defects are autosomal and are found in the 7th chromosome. Since this has nothing to do with sex cells, it means women and men can be equally affected.

//One the left is how those who are not colorblind interpret this photo, and on the right// // is how someone who has tritanopia would see the picture //.

How does it effect the parts of your eye?
Within our eyes we have photo receptors, which are referred to as cones. The cones are what allow us to see color. They are located in the center of the retina and have 3 pigments: blue, red, and green. Those who have a defective color vision have an absent of one or more of these pigments.

//Normal retina ( on right) vs a retina (left) with a color vision deficiency//

Whats it like to be color blind?
media type="youtube" key="KfA79fB_S0A" width="560" height="315"

//This short film lets you see what it is like to be colorblind. It answers great questions involving color blindness that we probably are all wondering.//

__//**For more information visit...**//__

Learn more about color blindness in general []

Finding a cure for color blindness []

See what its like to be colorblind, and see how they see certain things []

The genetics of colorblindness []

__** References: **__ [] [] [] []