Thomas,+M.

Wiki post #1 Genetics Thursday, December 1st, 2106

Madison Thomas

** Down syndrome **
We live in a world where many children are born with a variety of different birth defects but one major one we tend to see more often is Down Syndrome also known as Trisomy 21. But for those who may not have the best understanding of what Down syndrome is, it is a condition in which a child is born with one extra chromosome. What are chromosomes? It is a genetic carrier. Chromosomes contain hundreds to thousands of genes; genes carry the information which determines our traits features passes on to us from our parents. When you are born with one extra chromosome it will cause delays in the way a child develops physically and mentally.

**__YouTube__** __ **video** __
media type="youtube" key="QG7gkCrGD8k" width="521" height="296"

This YouTube clip is very informative and interesting describing how one is diagnosed with Down syndrome, briefly explains how all cells contain identical information. Someone born without Down syndrome will have chromosome 21A & 21B but someone with Down syndrome will be born with one extra so, 21A, 21B & Extra 21, it explains there is no none cause for Down syndrome, but those who give birth at a higher age then 40 have a increase risk of giving birth to a baby with this disorder.

__ **What causes Down syndrome?** __
During the conception a baby inherits genetic information from both its parents in the form of chromosomes; a baby without Down syndrome is born with 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 from the father. But with some cases a child can be born with 1 extra, for a total 47 chromosomes instead of 46. That one extra genetic chromosome causes physical and development delays.

‍ ‍ As mentioned earlier a child with Down syndrome will be born with 21A, 21B & extra 12 which this picture is circled around. This picture shows the example how all the chromosomes are paired up into groups of 2 expect the “21”

=**__Common physical signs & symptoms of Down syndrome?__**=

There are a great number of different signs and symptoms one may face when diagnosed with Down syndrome. Many suffering with Down syndrome will be affected differently.

- Flat facial features - Eyes that slant upwards - Poor muscle tone - Single crease in the palm of the hand - Small mouth, ears



= = =**__Intellectual & developmental symptoms__**= = = Cognitive impairments with learning are very common for someone struggling with Down syndrome. These behavioral problems normally range from mild-moderate. Other common cognitive and behavioral problems may include.

- Poor judgement - Short attention span - Delayed language and speech development

= = =**__Treating down Syndrome__**=

Unfortunately there is no cure for Down syndrome,but there is a wide variety of support and educational programs that can help. Physical therapy includes activities, exercises that help build up motor skills increasing muscle strength. Speech & language therapy can help children with Down syndrome improve their communication skills and use language more effectively.



=**__Living with Down syndrome__**= = = Scientist have been studying the birth defect known as Down Syndrome for many years, the life span for those living with Down Syndrome have improved dramatically in recent decades. In 1960 a baby born with Down syndrome often wouldn’t live to see their 10th birthday but study’s show, the life span expectancy for those has reached up to the age of 60 depending on their other health problems

Something I found so significant about this picture is that, although that little girl has Down syndrome she is still living as much of a normal life as she can, she is put in a class with other students who aren’t struggling with Down syndrome. But she isn’t being treated completely different she is still being treated like the other kids in her class.



=**__Further research__**=

[] - This website provides us with an eye opening view on the live of someone with Down syndrome & how those who are affected feel behind the doors. [] - this site provides us with more information on the diagnosis & other health issues one may face. [] - data and statistics on the research of the life span.

=**__Sources cited__**=

- __[]__ - __[]__ - __[]__ - __[]__

Wiki post #2 Monday, January 16th 2017

Madison Thomas

Strokes

__ What is a stroke? & ____ How does a stroke occur? __

A stroke occurs when blood stops flowing to ANY part of your brain, damaging your brain cells. The damage varies on what part of your brain has been affected. As we all know the brain is the control center of your body. It controls how we think, feel communicate and move.

__There are two types of strokes__

__Ischemic Stroke__

A ischemic stroke is similar to a heart attack except it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain



__In these picture above explains how both Strokes can effect the brain__

__Hemorrhagic Stroke__ Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain brakes, the most common cause of Hemorrhagic Strokes are high blood pressure and brain aneurysm. A aneurysm is a weakness or thinness in the blood vessel wall.

__ Mini - Strokes __

Mini strokes or transient ischemic attacks occur when the blood supply to the brain is briefly interrupted. When having a mini-stroke normally is a warning it means you are likely to have a stroke in the future.

__ Youtube Video __ media type="youtube" key="63Wpv2AcaXY" width="560" height="315" In this video explains further into detail about the causes and symptoms of strokes and Mini-strokes as well.

__ Symptoms of a mini-stroke? __

Mainly the same symptom’s as a Ischemic stroke or a Hemorrhagic stroke Sudden vision changes Sudden trouble speaking Troubles with balance and walking

__ What are the treatments for strokes? __

Surgical treatments: For strokes caused by a bleed in the brain or by an abnormal tangle of blood vessels, surgical treatments may be done to stop the bleeding if there is swelling of the vessels that broke a metal clip may be surgically placed at the base of the aneurysm to secure it.

__ What are the most common symptoms for strokes? __

Weakness or numbness of the face or arm & leg or one side of the body Loss of vision in one eye or even both Loss of speech or have a difficulty talking and understanding others



__ Medication they can take. __

There are several different kinds of medication that a doctor may prescribe to a stroke patient, blood thinners, pills to lower your blood pressure and cholesterol.

One thing you have to be careful with taking blood thinners is you are more likely to bleed more than a normal person who is not on blood thinners would when they are injured because of the medication they are on.

__In this picture above explains what a ruptured brain aneurysm looks like__

__ Facts on strokes __

One interesting fact is that strokes do not only the elderly, Strokes occur in younger people then you might think, about one third of stroke patients occur between the age of 20-64 years old.

Temporary stroke symptoms are called transient ischemic attacks (TIA). They are warning signs prior to actual stroke and need to be taken seriously. A stroke is known as a “brain attack”

A stroke can occur at anytime

__ Physical Treatments __

Starting your rehabilitation also known as “Rehab” can be tough and exhausting but its all part of the road to recovery. Recovery is a long term process but varies from one person to another. The purpose for the rehab is to help you recover your old everyday routines and abilities you may have done before you suffered from a “stroke”

These abilities may range from cleaning the house to exercising, speech therapy and many more, many people experience frustration after they are recovering from a stroke it’s a natural process.

In this picture shows the road to recovery process after a stroke, this male in the picture is regaining mobility after his stroke.

__ Further reading __

__ [] __- How to get involved, further information

[] - TAI (transient Ischemic Attack also known as mini-stroke

[] – Youtube video explaining what happens during a stroke

[|http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/LifeAfterStroke/InspirationalStories/Inspirational-Stories-of-Stroke-Survivors_UCM_310974_Article.jsp#.WH2PLNQrKt8] – Stories of stroke survivors

__ Sources cited __

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Wiki post #3 January 17 2016

Human Evolution

media type="youtube" key="Wb_QCF_bXj8" width="560" height="315"

__ What is Human Evolution? __

Human Evolution is a scientific theory that species change over time, there are many different ways of why species change but most of them are based on the idea of natural selection. Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation to generations. One of the earliest defined human traits was the ability to walk on two feet, also known as “Bipedalism” enrolled over six million years ago. __This picture is an example of the "Bipedalism" the process is being shown how to they went from talking on all four feet to two.__

__ What is our relationship between apes and humans? __

A question that is often asked by younger kids is “where do we come from” some may say from god, he created us but although that may be said in the bible, but some may also say we evolved from chimpanzees or apes. Some people may have been stunned to be notified we are approximately 98.5% of the genes in people and chimpanzees are identical. But this information giving to us tells us that chips are the closest living biological relatives we have. But it does not mean we evolved from apes, there for the real question is where did we evolve from?

__ In in this picture above is an example of the evolution of the human over the years. __

__ How does evolution work? __

The DNA that makes up the genes of every single organism to random mutations. These mutations can affect all different sorts of traits like eye colour, hair colour or certain behaviour traits. __ Our common ancestors? __

Many story’s have been told that out common ancestors believed to existed between 5-8 million years ago, after that the two species broke off into lineages, one began evolving into gorillas and chimps and the other began evolving into early humans. Many million years have followed and different species of humanlike creatures were created/existed. Although many of these species are close relatives of ours but they are not actual ancestors of the modern human. The process has been uncovered of studying fossils and understanding the theory of evolution.



__ What evidence do we have of evolution? __

Over the year’s scientist have discovered much evidence concerning human evolution, the variety of different ways it can be shown in. Millions and thousands of fossils have been found and allow researcher’s and students to further their education with the changes that have occurred in the brain, body size and other aspects involving how humans lived their lives 6 million years ago, Traces that have been found of human behaviour like finding stone tools and paintings. What the researchers found had a huge impact on how they lived their lives back then without technology millions of years ago.



__ Further Readings __

[|__http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0932663.html__]

[|__https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4S2qJboi4I__] – Explaining more into detail about the human evolution [|__https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160606154901.htm__]

[|__https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution__]

__ Sources Cited __

[|__http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0932663.html__]

[|__http://humanorigins.si.edu/education/introduction-human-evolution__]

[|__http://www.sociologyguide.com/introduction-to-sociology/human-evolution.php__]

[|__http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive__]