Katherine+M.

=**Wiki post 3#-** Aphasia's of the brain =

=Receptive aphasia =

Receptive aphasia is also known as Wernicke’s aphasia; because it affects Wernicke’s area in the brain. It is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked to speech and it is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language.



Receptive type of aphasia is usually associated with neurological damage to Wernicke’s area in the brain. However, the key deficits of receptive aphasia do not come from damage to Wernicke's area directly; because it is such a small part, instead most of the difficulties come from damage to the temporal lobe and white matter surrounding it.

 People with receptive aphasia are unable to understand language in its written or spoken form, and even though they can speak with normal grammar, syntax, rate, and intonation, they cannot express themselves meaningfully using language. Their own language is incorrect; they sometimes will string unrelated words together, or use the wrong words. They do however retain the ability to sing or to recite something memorized. Persons with Wernicke's aphasia have adversity comprehending spoken language but are able to produce noise, sayings, and word sequences. While these utterances have the identical rhythm as normal talk, they are not language because no data is conveyed.

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This video below is an interview with a girl affected by Wernicke’s aphasia after she had a stroke.

Fun fact: It is name Wernicke’s area because Dr. Karl Wernicke was the first to recognize this aphasia.

 The only treatment for this aphasia is speech therapy. To retrieve the normal language function, speech treatment must begin right after the injury happened. Even though there are no surgical or health methods accessible actually to treat this disorder, aphasia producing from head wound or stroke can improve by applying Speech therapy.



=Broca’s aphasia =

 Broca’s aphasia is a non-fluent type of aphasia that is commonly associated with verbal apraxia, relatively good auditory comprehension, stuttered speech, and poor repetition. Because of the location of Broca’s area in the left hemisphere of the brain, it is also commonly associated with weakness of the arm and leg muscles of the right side of the body. It is caused by the brain being affected in Broca’s area.

The most common characteristic are:

 -that speech articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs and pronouns are omitted. However, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs may be retained. Output can be restricted to noun-verb combinations. -sentence length is short. Average utterance length (MLU) is typically about 2. In extreme cases, the patient may only be able to produce single word utterances. -syntax and morphology are affected; only the most basic and over-learned grammatical forms are produced (often limited to nouns and verbs). -speech is labored and slow.



 The two aphasia's are very different even they though are closely related with speech and language. They both also are fairly close in the hemisphere of the brain and are both impacted from injuries and strokes. Broca’s aphasia is the less serious and more common aphasia were speech is only slowed and slightly incomprehensible whereas Wernicke’s aphasia is more serious due to the fact they can speak normally but cannot be understood at all and talk in; for lack of a better word, gibberish.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> sources: <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> [] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> [] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> [] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> [] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> []

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> to learn more:

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> More about Dr. Wernicke and his work and the difference between the two aphasias. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> []

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> To learn more about Broca’s aphasia and its characteristics <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> []

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">To learn about all the different types of aphasia that can impact the brain <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> []

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> the connection between thoughts and language in the brain <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> []

=**Wiki post 2#- The evolution of sleep**=

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Based on Darwin’s theory, a species evolves with a distinct improvement to help them survive their ever-changing environment. So the question is, what advantage did sleep give the individuals that evolved to have it as an adaptation? And what exactly is the evolution of sleep?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">If we look back to our ancestors the advantage of sleep wouldn't be highly plausible to even animals. It seems highly ineffective and dangerous to be asleep for 1\3 of the day with predators milling about. However, it does have its advantages to keep from stumbling around during the night in the dark, falling into pits or rivers, and getting eaten by predators. The one thing that made sleep a necessity was being surrounded by total darkness. This makes sense, as our bodies produce melatonin, the hormone that induces drowsiness, when we are away from light. When the sun went up or went down, so did man. For thousands of years, we napped in cool, dark silence for up to twelve hours every night—hammering this type of sleep deep into our genes. So what changed?





<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">One theory that our ancestors slept in blocks of different periods of time <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> napper. Our Paleolithic ancestors most likely had a more fluid sleeping pattern. If you sleep in one consolidated block at night,you have Thomas Edison; <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> the inventor of the light bulb, to thank even though he was a famous power <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Artificial lighting has forced us to sleep in one 8-hour block each night <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(if were that lucky), while our bodies are naturally wired to sleeping in two or <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">three blocks each day.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thanks to the Second Industrial Revolution we started disturbing our <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> sleep patterns with artificial light. Today, we find ourselves ignoring the <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> sunset and staying up late into the night with the aid of electric lights and <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> the dim glow of TV, cellphones, iPods, and computer screens. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Light exposure after sundown inhibits melatonin production. We’re getting <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> too much light when we’re not supposed to and too little light when we <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> are supposed to causing sleep deprivation.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Modern research and studies of pre-industrial diaries suggest that humans are built to wake up in the middle of the night for 1-3 hours, splitting the nocturnal slumber into two blocks. Daytime naps are also wired into our genes. Hunter-gatherers living in the tropics; with less nighttime, likely held daytime naps as a mandatory habit.



Lucky for those sleep deprived individuals, science and humanity is always finding ways to phase out the required amount of sleep our bodies need artificially. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">When you're getting about half of the sleep your body needs on a regular basis you need to find ways to function. You need to find always to to wake yourself up and get an extra jolt of energy when you're about to fall over. Caffeine and amphetamines seem to the preferred choices; one of the newest choices though it seems, is called **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">modafinil **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">, and it's FDA-approved drug to treat narcolepsy. Experts believe it works by targeting the neurotransmitters **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">GABA, **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">the brain's primary sleep regulator. It reduces GABA's release, interfering with the brain's awareness of when it's time to get some sleep. Scientist are even looking for new ways and new pills to reduce the needed amount of sleep; without side effects. Ultimately, will the need for sleep be non existent in the future?

=Video:=

====This video is called the evolutionary of sleep. It explains the evolution of sleep, the theories of sleep, different animals sleep patterns, and how sleep benefits our survival and how if it didn't it would have been phased out by natural selection.====

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=If you want to know more:=

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sleep deprevation effects <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Modern sleep vs. our ancestors sleep <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Thomas Edison and his theories <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> More on the evolution of sleep and why we need it <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> []

=Cites sourced:=

http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2011/05/evolution-of-sleep.html http://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/question643.htm http://evolutionsleep.com/ http://www.brainpickings.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/edisonsleeping2.jpg

=**Wiki post 1# - Beautiful mutations**=

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">When the word mutation comes to mind most people think of ghastly, grisly, horrifying deformities. However; in some cases, these genetic mutations can be beautiful.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.5;">**HETEROCHROMIA IRIDIUM**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Heterochromia is a difference in coloration; heterochromia iridium is one of the irises. There are 3 types of heterochromia iridium. In complete heterochromia, one iris is a different color from the other. In sectoral heterochromia there’s a segment of contrasting color in the iris and in central there’s a different color radiating out from the pupil.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">Mila Kunis has complete heterochromia. Kate Bosworth has sectoral heterochromia. Angelina Jolie has central heterochromia.



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">If you’re born with heterochromia, it’s probably a genetic mutation because it’s a dominant autosomal trait. Though it also could be caused by a genetic mosaicism, chimerism, disease, or injury. A mosaic is presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg. In the 1930s, Curt Stern demonstrated that genetic recombination, normal in meiosis, can also take place in mitosis.When it does, it results in somatic mosaics.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Animals can also have this mutation. As professor X said in //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Xmen: first class //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> “it is quite a groovy mutation.”



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt;"> RED HAIR
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Red hair is a recessive genetic trait that’s caused by a series of genetic mutations in the melanocortin 1 receptor also known as the MC1R gene on chromosome 16. It is an inheritable gene that’s passed down through parents and relatives. The different shades and degrees of the red pigment in hair is also caused by mutations. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The people who have strawberry blond hair or brown hair with a reddish tint might only be carrying several possible MC1R mutations. Because it's a recessive trait, red hair can easily skip a generation. It can then reappear after skipping one or more generations if both parents, no matter their hair color, carry the red hair gene.



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The myth of redhead extinction has been heard before with news articles again <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">citing the Oxford Hair Foundation as a source. These articles are based on on the assumption that recessive genes can eventually die out. However, recessive genes can certainly be rare but can’t disappear completely unless everyone carrying that gene dies or fails to reproduce. So while red hair <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">may remain rare redheads should still be around for some time.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt;">DISTICHIASIS **



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Distichiasis, or also known as a row of double laches is a beautiful mutation. Double rows of eyelashes are usually the result of a mutation FOXC2, a gene that influences all kinds of tissue development in embryos. FOXC2 mutations are thought to be responsible for, other things like lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome, a hereditary disease that can cause disorders of the lymphatic system in addition to double eyelashes as well. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> A well-known example of someone with distichiasis is the late Elizabeth Taylor who had beautiful thick row of double laches.

=
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">My video further explains that not all mutations are bad, and ugly deformities, that some can be simply beautiful. This baby boy was born with six fully functioning fingers on each hand and six perfect toes on each foot. Yes, he might get teased at schoo <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> l but, he could have advantages like in balance, playing musical instruments, texting, and typing etc. His mutation; which is called polydactyly, usually is a deformity, but in this case its so perfect that it's beautiful. ======

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=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sources: =

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">[|http://www.xovain.com/how-to/7-beautiful-mutations-which-ones-do-you-have#awesm=~owPxEKELgBpqgr] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">[] []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.5;">If you want to know more:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt;"> Red hair and where it comes from <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt;"> Red heads, are they really going extinct? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt;"> [] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt;"> Animals with heterochromia <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt;"> [] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt;"> Elizabeth Taylor and her row of double laches