Josie+P.

[] Huntington's Disease (HD)

http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v05/i02/html/02disease.html http://www.huntingtonsociety.ca/english/content/?page=91 http://www.medicinenet.com/huntington_disease/article.htm http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159552.php

http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2011_Group_Project_4

= Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited brain disorder. About one in every 7,000 Canadians has HD, but one in every 1,000 are touched by HD whether at-risk, as a caregiver, family member or friend." =

What is Huntington's Disease? Huntington's disease i s an incurable, hereditary brain disorder. It is a devastating brain disorder for which there is no currently 'effective' treatment. Nerve cells become damaged, causing various parts of the brain to deteriorate. The disease affects movement, behaviour and cognition - the affected individuals' abilities to walk, think, reason and talk are gradually eroded to such a point that they eventually become entirely reliant on other people for their care. Huntington's disease has a major emotional, mental, social and economic impact on the lives of patients, as well as their families.

What causes Huntington's disease?
HD results from genetically programmed degeneration of nerve cells, called neurons,* in certain areas of the brain. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance. Specifically affected are cells of the basal ganglia, structures deep within the brain that have many important functions, including coordinating movement. Within the basal ganglia, HD especially targets neurons of the striatum, particularly those in the caudate nuclei and the pallidum. Also affected is the brain's outer surface, or cortex, which controls thought, perception, and memory.



Pictures shows what the process goes through in order to get Huntington's from your genetics

Diagnosis
Medical diagnoses of the onset of HD can be made following the appearance of physical symptoms specific to the disease. Genetic testing can be used to confirm a physical diagnosis if there is no family history of HD. Even before the onset of symptoms, genetic testing can confirm if an individual or embryo carries an expanded copy of the trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene that causes the disease. Genetic counselling is available to provide advice and guidance throughout the testing procedure, and on the implications of a confirmed diagnosis. These implications include the impact on an individual's psychology, career, family planning decisions, relatives and relationships. Despite the availability of pre-symptomatic testing, only 5% of those at risk of inheriting HD choose to do so.



SYMPTOMS include:
 * Emotional turmoil (depression, apathy, irritability, anxiety, obsessive behaviour)
 * Cognitive loss (inability to focus, plan, recall or make decisions; impaired insight)
 * Physical deterioration (weight loss, involuntary movements, diminished coordination, difficulty walking, talking, swallowing)

As of right there are no treatments that are available for Huntington's Disease. Thoroughly researching for a cure has helped the knowledge to doctors to figure out if it is possible to cure it or slow down the process of the disease.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HgFUvVyHYQ

A family tree that explains who is affected, at risk, and not going to affected by the genes that is passed down in their family and or friends.

Research scientist John Roder, shown with his wife Mary-Lou at Mount Sinai Hospital, continues to do important work despite the ravages of Huntington's disease. Further reading: http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2013/02/10/huntingtons_disease_does_keep_mount_sinai_scientist_from_brilliant_work.html

How sports have evolved:
Sports have evolved tremendously. The difference between sports now and hundreds of years ago are maybe similar in different ways but also completely different. Sports are not only for people to have fun but it is used because people enjoy to stay fit and do whatever it takes to get better at the sport that they have chosen to take part in.

Then: [] Now: [|http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/snowandski/9780926/Skiing-holidays-live-webchat.html]

Overview Of Modern Sporting History
Sports that took place hundreds of years ago and maybe less still take place in our generation but have changed not only a little but a lot. Some that have been around for a long time are ice hockey, baseball, basketball, tennis, golf, boxing and plenty more. They all started in the late 1800's and early 1900's and still continue to be popular today. []

** What Sports Are Like Today **
Coming from knowledge that I have myself, sports have changed by a numerous amount since I have been born. Certain rules have been set, sports such as hockey did not have helmets and as much equipment as they do today hundreds of years ago, they have made specific rules on certain things such as if somebody injures somebody they have to pay the price and be suspended or maybe even kicked off of their sports team. Maybe years ago it was only for fun and wasn't so competitive, but today people do whatever it takes to win and sports are a main part of our everyday lives, from either playing it, watching it, or even playing the video games that people play everyday for excitement and enjoyment.

Bobby Orr is one of the most famous and popular hockey player of all time. []

Hockey evolution in the mind set of a hockey player their self in one picture []

This video shows the sudden changes throughout history that have impacted many sports and helped them evolve into what we know today. Although there nothing said in this video, I believe that it's quite evident that sports have changed in all kinds of ways.

**Further Readings:**
[] This site will show you how the NHL has changed over the years and how differently things have changed.

[] This site will show you how golf balls have changed and also will show you that different things such as equipment has improved for the better over the years.

[] Can statistics from the past show how the sport will evolve over the years?

[] Based on what has happened they predict what sports will be live in the future

=//__**Wikipost#3- DRUGS January 24/2014**__//= http://teens.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/real-teens-ask-about-effects-heroin http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/670drugcns.html

The central nervous system functions all of the tissues in the body. The peripheral nervous system(PNS) receives thousands of sensory inputs and transmits them to the brain from the spinal cord. The brain processes this incoming information and discards 99% that isn't important. After sensory information has been looked at, selected areas of the central nervous system initiate nerve impulses to organs or tissue to make a correct response.

Here are different names of drugs that could and will effect your nervous system in many different ways if somebody was ever to take them.

=**STIMULANTS**=

Stimulants are drugs that exert their action through excitation of the central nervous system(CNS). Stimulants include caffeine, cocaine, and many more amphetamines. These drugs are used to enhance mental alertness and reduce drowsiness and fatigue. However, increasing the dosage of caffeine above 200 mg (about 2 cups of coffee) does not increase mental performance but may increase nervousness, irritability, tremors, and headache. Heavy coffee drinkers become psychically dependent upon caffeine. If caffeine isn't available, a person may experience mild withdrawal symptoms characterized by irritability, nervousness, and headache.

This picture shows what parts of the nervous system and organs that the caffeine will take over and what it does.


 * Caffeine ** and the chemically related xanthines, theophylline and theobromine, decrease in the order given in their stimulatory action. They may be included in some over-the-counter drugs.



=**DEPRESSANTS**= http://alcoholrehab.com/alcohol-rehab/central-nervous-system-depressants/

Depressants are a class of drug which slow down brain functioning. they do this be depressing the central nervous system(CNS). These substances means that they have many medicinal applications such as a treatment for insomnia and anxiety.

Alcohol is the most popular of all depressants. This drug has been used for thousands of years as a way for people to relax and unwind. It is also the drug that has led to the most human suffering and social problems, and currently accounts for more deaths than all other drugs combined. All types of depressants have the potential to be addictive and substance abuse is common with this type of drug.

Examples of depressants:
 * Morphine,
 * Heroin,
 * Methadone,
 * Codeine,
 * Pethidine,
 * Oxycodone/Oxycotin

Explains the difference between depressants and stimulants.

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Further Readings:

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