Yazdani,+C.

Wiki Post #1 Genetics

Thursday, December 1st, 2016
I come from a family that has a history of type two diabetes and high blood pressure so why not extend my knowledge about diabetes. I have a fairly good understanding about what type two diabetes is so I am going to move onto type one diabetes so I have a better understanding of that.

What is type one diabetes?
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The majority of people know that there is two types of diabetes, type one and type two; but people are unaware that there is also a third type. Type one diabetes is when the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. Also, none or very little insulin is released into the body. Type two diabetes is when the body cannot properly use the insulin that is released or does not make enough insulin. Type three diabetes or also known as gestational diabetes, which is a temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy.

This picture shows exactly what happens in the stomach, the pancreas, and the small intestine when someone has type one diabetes.

This pictures demonstrates the difference between someone that is healthy and someone that has type one diabetes. As you can see for the healthy person, their pancreas is producing insulin which is delivering the glucose to the cells. For the diabetic, their pancreas isn't producing insulin so the glucose isn't being delivered to their cells which means that they have more glucose in their blood.

What are the signs and symptoms of type one diabetes?
There is a number of different signs and symptoms that come with having type one diabetes such as:
 * Unusual thirst
 * Frequent urination
 * Weight change (gain or loss)
 * Extreme fatigue or lack of energy
 * Blurred vision
 * Frequent or recurring infections
 * Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal
 * Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
 * Trouble getting or maintaining an erection

The symptoms of type one diabetes are different for children which include:
 * Drinking and going to the bathroom more frequently than usual
 * Starting to wet the bed again
 * Lack of energy

Symptoms/signs of type one diabetes.

What are the genetic risk factors of type one diabetes?
Researchers are continuously trying to figure out what causes type one diabetes. Some known risk factors are family history, genetics, geography, and age. Multiple risk factors have been tested but none have been proven. According to Dr. Warram, a Lecturer in Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health, he said the following: This table demonstrates the difference of risk factors between type one diabetes and type two diabetes.
 * If an immediate relative has type 1 diabetes, the risk is 10 to 20 times the risk of the general population.
 * If one child in a family has type 1 diabetes, their siblings have about a 1 in 10 risk of developing it by age 50.
 * The risk for a child of a parent with type 1 diabetes is lower if it is the mother.
 * If one of the parents developed type 1 diabetes before age 11, their child's risk of developing type 1 diabetes is higher.
 * Caucasians have a higher risk of type 1 diabetes than any other race.

Further Reading:
[|Can you inherit diabetes?] Learn more about if it’s possible to inherit type one or type two diabetes due to family history.

[|Are you at risk?] Take an online test through the American Diabetes Association to see if you're at risk of type two diabetes.

[|Is there a cure for diabetes?] Listen to an interview with Dr. Alasdair Rankin to hear about what their doing in the UK to help fight diabetes.

[|How can you help?] Discover multiple ways of how you can help fight diabetes.

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=Wiki Post #2 Evolution=

Sunday, January 15th, 2017
In grade 11 biology, we did a lab that included swabbing two spots in the school that we thought would contain the most bacteria around/near it. I remember that my lab group chose to swab the door handle that leads out to the smoking section and then we also swabbed where the water comes out on a water fountain. We then placed these samples in petri dish to watch how much bacteria would grow over a couple of days. I remember being totally disgusted so why not explore why the bacteria was able to grow so rapidly.

What is bacteria?
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Bacteria are microscopic single cellular organisms that can be found anywhere from land, to in water, to in our food, or even in our own bodies. Some bacteria can be good such as helping with our digestion but other bacteria can be very harmful like ones that cause diseases like pneumonia.

This is the basic structure of bacteria which includes the capsule, the cell wall, the cell membrane, the pilli, the cytoplasm, the ribosomes, the chromosomes, the plasmid, and the flagellum.

Although bacteria comes in all shapes and sizes, the majority of the shapes will fall under the three main categories; coccus, bacillus, and spirillum. ===

How is bacteria able to evolve so quickly? ===

Incredible research has proven that humans evolve normally every 25 years but for bacteria it's a different story; the evolving timeframe is often measured in minutes, as little as 20 minutes. Bacteria can evolve so quickly because they divide so quickly which means that they can evolve overnight to survive in their new surroundings. There are small mutations in genes during the cell division which helps the bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. Once this happens, these mutations can be passed down from bacteria to bacteria by conjugation (bacterial sex) so now the new bacteria learned how to become resistant in earlier bacteria.

This diagram shows how quickly and easily it is for bacteria to grow in 15 minute intervals.

How does bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
So many people would be extremely confused if you were to say that some bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics because they would say isn't antibiotics supposed to kill bacteria? Research discovered that antibiotics will kill sensitive bacteria but some strong bacteria that is left could grow and multiply. Also if the wrong antibiotic are used, the drug resistant bacteria will increase to not being harmed by the antibiotics. The reason why bacteria is becoming resistant to antibiotics: According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control in 2012, they estimated that 25 000 people die each year in the European Union from antibiotic resistant bacterial infections, these numbers will continue to increase if antibiotics are continued to be overused. This is picture shows how bacteria has evolved to become resistant to antibiotics.
 * Too potent a treatment eliminates the non-resistant cells, allowing resistant bacteria to multiply.
 * Some bacteria develop the ability to neutralize the antibiotic before it can do harm.
 * Others can rapidly pump the antibiotic out.
 * Lastly, some can change the antibiotic attack site so it cannot affect the function of the bacteria.

Further Reading:
[|How fast can bacteria grow?] Learn step by step about how fast bacteria can grow in a petri dish. [|What is the newest research on bacteria?] Read this article to find out for yourself. [|What are the differences between bacteria and viruses?] Discover the differences between bacteria and viruses that you might not of known before. [|How do antibiotics work?] Find out how antibiotics really work in full depth.

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=Wiki Post #3 Body Systems (nervous)=

Saturday, January 14th, 2017
Sadly, when I was a little girl, my dad had a brain aneurysms but luckily the doctors caught it in time. When this happened, I was so little that I never really understood what was happening at that moment. So I'm going to take this opportunity to do my wiki post on brain aneurysms and hopefully be able to understand what really happened to him.

What is a brain aneurysms?
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Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the body but the most common aneurysms are in the brain, aorta, legs, and the spleen. The brain aneurysm can be the most dangerous type because it is located on the wall of a blood vessel in the brain. A thin balloon on the wall of a brain artery will fill with blood and overtime, the wall becomes thinner. The pressure from the blood flow will eventually cause the aneurysm to rupture and bleed into the brain.

This picture shows what the two different types of aneurysms look like, the one on the left is the saccular aneurysm and the one on the right is the fusiform aneurysm. The picture on the bottom is what a ruptured aneurysm would look like in the brain.

Facts about brain aneurysms.

What are the signs and symptoms of a brain aneurysm?
The majority of people are unaware when they have a brain aneurysm because if it is a small unruptured aneurysm, there will be no symptoms. A brain aneurysm could be unruptured but large with signs and symptoms, "leaking", or the aneurysm could be ruptured. The following is the most common signs and symptoms for each:

Unruptured Aneurysm:

 * Pain above and behind an eye
 * A dilated pupil
 * Change in vision or double vision
 * Numbness, weakness or paralysis of one side of the face
 * A drooping eyelid
 * Sudden, extremely severe headache

"Leaking" Aneurysm:

 * Sudden, extremely severe headache

Ruptured Aneurysm:
Signs/symptoms of a ruptured brain aneurysm.
 * Sudden, extremely severe headache
 * Nausea and vomiting
 * Stiff neck
 * Blurred or double vision
 * Sensitivity to light
 * Seizure
 * A drooping eyelid
 * Loss of consciousness

What are the treatments for brain aneurysms?
The treatment for a person's brain aneurysm depends on many factors such as:
 * Patient age
 * Size of aneurysm
 * Location of aneurysm
 * Shape of aneurysm
 * Neurological condition of patient
 * Other medical conditions

The treatment also depends on whether or not the aneurysm as ruptured or not. If the unruptured aneurysm has been detected, the two options are treatment or observation. Once the aneurysm has ruptured, the options are open surgery or an endovascular approach. Either way, the aneurysm will either be treated by using a clip or a coil.

Endovascular approach (coil)

Surgery approach (clip)

Further Reading:
[|Want to get involved?] Get involved today by donating to help fight the devastation caused by brain aneurysms. [|How do people handle the diagnosis and treatment?] Read two incredible stories of two patients that were diagnosed with a brain aneurysm. [|What is the new research on brain aneurysms?] Explore multiple articles about what researchers are doing for the treatment of brain aneurysms. [|What is the surgery recovery process like?] Learn about what happens after having surgery to remove the brain aneurysm.

Sources Cited:
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[|http://www.healthline.com/health/aneurysm#Overview1]

[|http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/VascularHealth/AorticAneurysm/Types-of-Aneurysms_UCM_454436_Article.jsp#.WHp4ujgzXIU]