Holly+Y.

= How does Cousin Marriage affect birth defect in Children? =

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Can you image what would happen if you married with one of your relatives and had a baby together? This kind of marriage is known as Cousin Marriage. By its definition, Cousin marriage is marriage between people with a common grandparent or between people who share another relatively recent ancestor. It is reported that Children of first-cousin marriages have a doubled risk of genetic disorders,so cousin marriage is banned in most of US, China, Korea and so on.On the contrary,in the west ,some people view the legal bans as discriminations or disrespect of religions. What do you think? As far as I am concern,the ban is proper at the point of science. Specifically, married couples possess higher than normal consanguinity, shared identical DNA and Genetic material, so they have an increased chance of sharing genes for recessive traits. Here are some facts how Cousin marriage affects baby defects especially about Pakistanis in Britain and also some illustrations of specific traits.



**Video** (explanation of Cousin Marriage, comparison of cousin Marriage and Marriage out of relatives)
media type="youtube" key="wylthWcWRgY" width="560" height="315"

=**S**ome facts that Cousin Marriage double risk of birth defect: =


 * Over 82.5 percent parents in Pakistan,Britain are first cousins, 6.8 percent are blood relatives, 6.3 percent belong to the same caste and family, and only 4.4 percent are married out of their families.The study says that there is a 20 percent chance that the children can acquire a genetic problem.


 * Dr Aslam Khan said a human being carries gene mutations which are recessive (hidden) and when families interbreed, these mutations could become dominant and may start showing more expression in the population.

>
 * when a population has a small gene pool the gene mutation can become more frequent,Dr Aslam Khan also conducted interviews of 206 families in Lahore, it was discovered that 89 percent parents were knotted in consanguineous marriages. He said he had found one or more thalassaemia cases in the families where cousin marriages were common.The 206 families had given birth to 720 children, of which 318 children were inflicted with thalassaemia and 402 were found healthy.


 * Bradford has one of the highest rates of cousin marriage.The national rate for congenital defects is around 166 in every 10,000 babies, but in Bradford this nearly doubles to about 306 per 10,000 births.

=Video = media type="youtube" key="E6GIaobf4Sg" width="560" height="315"

=The specific common diseases of the birth defect caused by Marriage= = =
 * 1 . Extra fingers or tones **[[image:Toes.jpg width="560" height="315"]]

**2.cleft palates**: a congenital split in the roof of the mouth

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Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. Many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes.
 * 3 . neurodegenerative conditions: **



4.heart and lung defects

=Sources: =

[|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_marriage#Genetics] [] [] [] [] [] []

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=Further Reading: = [] ( Cousin Marriage in Pakistani community, an interview about medical care and people's increasing common sense)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">[] (Facts and different rules about Cousin Marriage around the world)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">[](It is given to two statements on if Cousin Marriage is a health risk)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">[](Introductions of different types of Cousin Marriage and some history of that)

= #2 WIKIPOST- The evolution of Giant Panda =


 * I ** am from Chengdu, China which most people do not know, but one of the famous symbols of Chengdu is the well-known Giant Panda. There is Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding where I had a chance to see adorable panda bears in Grade 5 on a field trip. Chengdu Panda Base was founded in 1987. It started with 6 giant pandas that were rescued from the wild. By 2008, it had 124 panda births, and the captive panda population has grown to 83. And In my Province, we also have the Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries which is the home to more than 30% of the world's highly endangered giant pandas and is among the most important sites for the captive breeding of these pandas. In a word, although Mr.Smith said Panda is useless(hahahaha......), I am still proud of what my province contributes to the conservation of this cute but endangered species and I am also interest in knowing more about the evolution of Panda.



(Jackie Chan at Chengdu Panda Base in 2012)


 * =Timeline of the evolution=


 * 1) eight million years old: Ailuropoda lufengensesis

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,Arial,Helvetica; text-align: justify;">Pandas belong to the Ailuropodinae, the oldest family of the most primitive lineage of bears.Fossils of the oldest ancestral panda, //Ailuropoda lufengensesis//, are about eight million years old.These fossils were found in southern China.The earliest pandas were small, forest-dwelling creatures.



//(artificial model of//

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,Arial,Helvetica; text-align: justify;">Ailuropoda lufengensesis)

//2.// 600,000 years: Ailuropoda microta
Ailuropoda microta

were widespread throughout southern China about 600,000 years ago The first discovered skull of the animal in a south China limestone cave is estimated to be 2 million years old. The skull found is about half the size of a modern-day giant panda, but is anatomically very similar.



<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,Arial,Helvetica; text-align: justify;">(

//Ailuropoda microta ( left ), is compared with a living giant panda skull)//



//(Fossils and an artificial model)//

//3.//the late Pliocene three million years ago:Larger pandas developed
Ailuropoda microta were replaced by a larger species,Ailuropoda melanoleuca baconi, that was even larger than the modern giant panda

4.The late Pleistocene.
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,Arial,Helvetica; text-align: justify;"> The fossil evidence suggests that in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, some 2 to 3 million years ago, the ancestral pandas were widely distributed over much of eastern and southern China as far north as Beijing.They ranged into what is now Taiwan, northern Myanmar (Burma) and northern Vietnam. The modern pandas evolved.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,Arial,Helvetica; text-align: justify;">


 * =<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Arial,Helvetica;">Video =

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Arial,Helvetica;">Here is a video generally talking about evolution of pandas.media type="youtube" key="opO17jKQkfQ" width="560" height="315"

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,Arial,Helvetica; text-align: justify;">Further reading; [] (Conservation of Pandas) [] (evolution and classification) [] (why pandas suck being pandas) [] (the fossil records of giant pandas)

References:
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[] The Endocrine SystemDiabetes #3 Before I came to Canada, my grandma is the only one of people around me who has diabetes, which is a rare disease in China. However since I came to Canada, it seems like that much people around me have diabetes( I didn't try to be mean Haha...). I am really curious why Canada has such a high rate of getting diabetes and what some efficient treatments are. So I am going to talk about three different types of diabetes,how the gland affects diabetes and also effects of diabetes. <span style="color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">**The CIHI report shows that Canada has one of the highest rates of diabetes amongst 34 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, with more than three million people living with the disease. Canada is also performing poorly in managing diabetes risk factors, including diet, obesity rates and levels of physical activity.** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">\ = =
 * Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes:
====<span style="color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and kills the beta cells of the pancreas. No, or very little, insulin is released into the body. As a result, sugar builds up in the blood instead of being used as energy. About five to 10 per cent of people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes generally develops in childhood or adolescence, but can develop in adulthood. ==== ====<span style="color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Type 1 diabetes is always treated with insulin. Meal planning also helps with keeping blood sugar at the right levels. ==== ====<span style="color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Type 1 diabetes also includes latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), the term used to describe the small number of people with apparent type 2 diabetes who appear to have immune-mediated loss of pancreatic beta cells. ====

Type 2 Diabetes:
====<span style="color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body can’t properly use the insulin that is released (called insulin insensitivity) or does not make enough insulin. As a result, sugar builds up in the blood instead of being used as energy. About 90 per cent of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes more often develops in adults, but children can be affected. ==== ====<span style="color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Depending on the severity of type 2 diabetes, it may be managed through physical activity and meal planning, or may also require medications and/or insulin to control blood sugar more effectively. ====

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">gestational diabetes:
====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">A third type of diabetes, gestational diabetes, is a temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy. It affects approximately two to four per cent of all pregnancies (in the non-Aboriginal population) and involves an increased risk of developing diabetes for both mother and child. ====

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #232122; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

(It shows that Type 2 diabetes is much more common than the other two)


 * **The affects of Diabetes on the body**

How diabetes effects the eyes:
A relatively common complication of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy. As with all complications, this condition is brought on by a number of years of poorly controlled or uncontrolled diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy has a number of symptoms. Retinopathy is caused by blood vessels in the back of the eye (the retina) swelling and leaking. High blood pressure is also a contributing factor for diabetic retinopathy <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">(The comparison of Normal eyes and eyes with diabetic Neuropathy)

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">How diabetes effects the nerves:
he effects of diabetes on the nerves can be serious as the nerves are involved in so many of our bodily functions, from movement and digestion through to sex and reproduction. The presence of nerve damage (neuropathy) is commonly noticed by: Treatments for neuropathy concentrates on reducing pain but medication such blood pressure lowering drugs may also be prescribed to help prevent development of the condition.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top;">Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top;">Lack of arousal in the penis or clitoris
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top;">Excessive sweating or
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top;">Diagnosis of delayed stomach emptying

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">How diabetes effects the Kidney:
he kidneys are another organ that is at particular risk of damage as a result of diabetes and the risk is again increased by poorly controlled diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol. Diabetic nephropathy is the term for kidney disease as a result of diabetes. Damage to the kidneys takes place over a period of years and can picked up by nephropathy screening before it gets too serious. Treatment includes lifestyle changes and may include medicine to treat high blood pressure and cholesterol. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">(Comparison of healthy and diabetic kidneys)


 * **Video**
 * media type="youtube" key="TwW4-VYFTjg" width="560" height="315"

Further Reading

[] (the effects of diabetes on the body, it is specific to almost every organ in the body) [] (signs and symptoms of diabetes) [] (prevalence of diabetes) [] (Treatments and care for diabetes)

[] [] [] [] []
 * Reference **