Connor+M.

The affects of UV rays can be anywhere from a small red burn to life threatening diseases. But its rare too see these life threatening changes happen to you over night. it becomes dangerous when there is constant exposure to skin cells that do not have pigments and melanin that are used to or adapted to this type of radiation. First of all, UV rays are rays of highly charged particles that come from the sun. except they are not the only ones. The three most common ones are. Light rays which are the ones that give us light to see. Then there is infrared and hose are the ones that we feel heat from. And finally there is UV rays, we cant feel or see them but they do the most damage. These highly charged particle crash into everything and when they crash into you, they can do lots of damage.
 * The Effects of UV rays on DNA an if they cause mutations.**



Everybody loves being tanned in the summer, but not a lot of people know that a tan is the first sign that you have had to much sun that day. A tan is actually only of the only ways our body can show that you have had enough before it starts to get worse. When the body feel the over exposure it releases melanin to protect it self from the rays, melanin cause darker pigment in the skin therefore we get tanned. We have Billions of skin cells, an estimate 35 Billion healthy cells at any point in time. But when you are exposed to too many ultraviolet rays or radiation it can start to kill off thousands of cells at a time. Eventually the damage will become so bad that the particles will tear the DNA in your skin cells apart causing permanent which could also lead to cancer or other skin problems.
 * How UV rays effect Skin cells.**



When UV rays hit the DNA in skin cells and most other skin cells it causes a weird bond to form. The particles actually cause covalent bonds between two thymine that are side by side. Even though we have ways in our body to fix this problem, it cat always fix it in time. When there is a covalent bond between the two thymine's the DNA cannot go through Transcription or translation. With this little change in DNA information can be lost or changed and the wrong amino acids will be grabbed and that's when your body will stat to change eventually leading to mutations.
 * How UV rays Cause mutations**

media type="youtube" key="tq6FDyFeCN0" width="560" height="315"

http://www.who.int/uv/health/en/ http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/healthy-living-vie-saine/environment-environnement/sun-soleil/effects-uv-effets-eng.php https://ca.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080114001138AAaxeN8 http://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/information/anatomy/shed-skin-cells.htm http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter11/animation_quiz_5.html http://bitesizebio.com/questions/topic/how-does-uv-radiation-cause-mutation-in-cells/
 * SOURCES**

http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/sunanduvexposure/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-u-v-protection http://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/early-detection
 * OTHER PAGES YOU SHOULD CHECK OUT.**

Butterflies and their super-genes Every one is biology knows that you inherit certain genes from both biological parents. This is how we evolve over long periods of time but also adapt to small environmental situations.This is not how it works for the Mormon swallowtail. There are three to 7 versions of this species of butterfly. First there is the common male and female Mormon.

And then there is the special ones.



The special ones are the ones that have been fooling biologist for a very long time. Because They use a special strand of genes to make sure this mimic color pattern is the exact same of the butterflies that they are copying so that birds will either think they taste bad or are poisonous, this gene can only be found in females and can only be passed on to female Mormon Butterflies. The part that was confusing was when a normal Mormon Butterfly mated with a female mimic Mormon there was no mixing of the patterns. Scientist expected for a mix of white red and orange to come on some of the offspring's but it was either white and black or the mimic pattern. At the end they concluded that the mimic butterflies had something called a super-gene. A group of genes that get passed down from mom to daughter and are not broken up or changed. But they couldint explain how it worked .media type="youtube" key="VBjv0mhMl0o" width="560" height="315"

Now they know. This thing called a super-gene The the Moron Butterflies have is helping them mimic multiple different wing patterns. A super gene is a stand of DNA filled with multiple different purpose genes that are not touched or affected by sexual reproduction. They are simply passed down with out changes. Which is how they are almost identical to the ones they are mimicking and this is because of one single gene called Doublesex and it all has to do with if the gene is inverted or not. If the gene is inverted then females will get the mimic colors. if it is not then they will be normal. media type="youtube" key="hRVUFj0U4Jc" width="560" height="315"

http://listverse.com/2013/02/05/10-significant-recent-evolutionary-discoveries/ http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/03/supergene-lifesaver-colorful-butterfly https://www.google.ca/search?q=the+mimic+butterfly&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=609&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxwYa2jKLJAhXHph4KHRUyAboQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=super+gene+in+dna&imgrc=cYwm2qXevilNoM%3A
 * Sources**

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2JdRPKYyTc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRVUFj0U4Jc https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2JdRPKYyTc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvP0TD-Cr3o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergene
 * Other pages.**

=ALD (Adrenoleukodystrophy)=

ALD is a rare distorter where the myelin sheath, the fatty layer around the nerves is broken down or the person is born without it. And on top of that the adrenal gland gets worse and worse too. The adrenal gland is a very important gland in your body, they are right above your kidneys and are responsible for things like, regulation of body temperature and immune system. Controlling the immune system and secreting the right sex hormones at the right time. =WHO ALD AFFECTS AND WHAT IT IS= The worst form of ALD is when they are born with it or are diagnosed between the ages of 4-10. This disorder can only be found in the X chromosome, but for this disorder the mass majority of people that have it are males and if women do end up getting it, it is less severe. this is because males only have one X chromosome and women have two, so if the mutation happens on the X chromosome for males then they will suffer that mutation. For females that have the ALD mutation, it will naturally be fixed by the other X chromosome they have. Some symptoms of ALD in this form are learning disabilities, seizures, loss of speech or unable to learn speech and others like fatigue and dementia. Kids with ALD are always found with long chains of saturated fatty acids because they do not produce the protein ALD that carries VLCFA to something called the peroxisome where they get broken down, this leads to the destruction of the myelin sheath. =media type="youtube" key="QoTEB3kDWY8" width="560" height="315"= = = = CURE = = = The really is no cure for ALD just things to do to help reduce the symptoms and give patients longer time. Most patients are put on some type of nutritional cure for the disorder. This is not really a cure but more like something they can do to reduce symptoms and live longer. Another medication that was actually invented by a couple of parents named Augusto and Michaela Odone whos son had ALD. They devoted their lives to researching and testing new cures for ALD until they came up with Lorenzo's oil which completely inhibits the enzyme that creates VLCFA =REFERENCES= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/faq.html#q2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo%27s_oil http://www.myelin.org/ald.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoTEB3kDWY8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnAoWJ5_WWs =OTHER PAGES= http://www.genome.gov/10001204 http://ulf.org/what-is-leukodystrophy